Method and apparatus for transmit power control in wireless data communication systems

ABSTRACT

The distance between a first Multi Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (MB-OFDM) data transceiver and a second or more such transceiver is determined using known techniques. The radio frequency path loss between transceivers is estimated given said distance, using a known relationship between distance and path loss, and further accounting for line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight conditions if desired. This path loss value is added to the typically minimum transmit power level, absent path loss, needed for reliable data communication. This modified initial transmit power level is then used by the first transceiver to begin the known iterative feedback process of transmit power control (TPC). Because this modified initial transmit power level, based on distance, is closer to the final optimum level, convergence in the TPC process occurs in fewer steps and less time than had the initial transmit power been maximum power as is typical in known TPC systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to wireless data communication, and, inparticular, to transmit power control by which an optimal transmitterpower is determined that is high enough to enable reliable communicationwhile low enough to minimize interference to other users or devicessharing the same spectrum.

2. Description of the Related Art

In wireless data communication systems, it is often beneficial to employtransmit power control (TPC), limiting the transmit power to a levelhigh enough for reliable communication but typically less than themaximum available power. Benefits include but are not limited to reducedtransmitter power drain—especially important in battery-poweredapplications—and reduced interference to other users of the samespectrum. In some systems such as ultra wideband (UWB), concurrent usersshare all or a portion of the spectrum used by other users'transmissions.

TPC is widely used in cellular telephone systems and wireless datacommunication systems utilizing unlicensed spectrum, such as that systemcommonly referred to as Wi-Fi. In communication systems utilizingspread-spectrum modulation, minimizing the transmit power is especiallyimportant, as multiple transceivers in an area share common spectrum.The effectiveness of communication between devices may be reducedconsiderably if one or more transmitters in the area are transmitting atsignificantly higher power than the other transmitters. TPC is typicallyimplemented as an iterative process converging on an optimal transmitpower, wherein a first transceiver transmits a first data packet at ahigh level, typically maximum power. If a second transceiver is withinrange, it receives this transmission and computes a figure of merit,such as frame error rate (FER), which is related to received signalpower. This figure of merit is compared in the second data transceiverto desired limits, and a command to increase power or decrease power istransmitted back to the first data transceiver. The first datatransceiver then typically raises or lowers power in a stepwise manner,or according to another power level progression. Another data packet isthen sent to the second transceiver, using this modified transmit power,and a new figure of merit is computed and compared to desired limits,causing another increase or decrease power command to be sent to thefirst transceiver. In this iterative manner, a transmit power level forthe first transceiver is found which generates the desired figure ofmerit in the second transceiver. Measurement of the figure of merit maycontinue as the payload data transfer occurs, so that the iterativeprocess of adjusting transmit power may be repeated if the figure ofmerit deviates from the prescribed range. In typical systems, thetransmit power levels in both transceivers are adjusted in this manner,either concurrently or sequentially.

The iterative process described above typically requires multiplebidirectional data exchanges to arrive at optimal transmit power levelsfor each transceiver. These data exchanges add undesired overhead to thecommunication link, putting additional drain on the power source in eachtransceiver, and lengthening the time each transmitter is on the air andthus potentially interfering with other transceivers in the area. Amethod and apparatus for optimizing this process so as to more rapidlydetermine an optimal transmit power is therefore desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an apparatus and method for estimating, based ondistance between transmitter and receiver, an initial transmit powerclose to an optimal level, thereby minimizing the number of additionaliterative steps required to reach an optimal transmit power level.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention described in greater detailbelow, the initial transmit power of a first transceiver is determinedin part by the distance between the first and a second or more datatransceiver. This distance or range is computed in some datacommunication systems by measuring the propagation time of a data packetfrom the first transceiver to the second or more transceiver and back.Because radio waves travel at a nearly constant velocity in air, thisround-trip propagation time correlates well to the distance between thetransceivers. An example of ranging capability in an Ultra Wideband(UWB) wireless system is described in standard ECMA-368 and in TexasInstruments patent T37034 on UWB ranging for MB-OFDM systems. In someUWB systems including Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(MB-OFDM) systems, the data packets used for ranging support desiredfunctions such as limiting association, whereby data communication islimited to transceivers within a certain distance of each other. Becauseranging is typically already occurring for such desired functions, itsuse for the disclosed invention typically adds no additional overhead.

The reduction in received signal strength as the distance betweentransceivers increases is well understood theoretically and is readilydetermined empirically. This loss in received signal strengthattributable to the distance between transceivers is typically referredto as path loss.

By measuring the distance between transceivers, and estimating the pathloss based on this distance, an initial transmit power level may bedetermined which is closer to the optimum value. This is done by addingthe estimated path loss to the known typically lowest transmit powerlevel which yields reliable data transfer with minimal or no path loss.Further refinement of transmit power level may then occur using theknown iterative closed-loop method described above, wherein the receiverin the second or more transceiver commands the transmitter in the firsttransceiver to increase or decrease power based on a receiver figure ofmerit such as FER. Convergence to the optimal transmit power thus occursmore rapidly when the initial transmit power level is based on distanceand estimated path loss, rather than if the initial transmit power hadbeen maximum power or some other arbitrary value. In some cases, theinitial transmit power is close enough to the optimum that no furtheriteration is required.

Further benefits and advantages will become apparent to those skilled inthe art to which the invention relates.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless data communication system having widevariation in the distance (range) between multiple transceivers, inwhich transceivers have distance measurement (ranging) and transmitpower adjustment capabilities.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a data transceiver having distancemeasurement (ranging) and transmit power adjustment capabilities.

FIG. 3 is a known graph of path loss as a function of distance betweentwo transceivers.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the iterative process of transmit powercontrol in a known system.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps used in the preferredembodiment to determine an initial transmit power level nearer theoptimal transmit power level.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the steps used in another embodiment todetermine an initial transmit power level nearer the optimal transmitpower level.

Throughout the drawings, like elements are referred to by like numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As shown in FIG. 1, a digital camera 100 has within it a digital datatransceiver 102 which enables wireless transfer of image files fromcamera 100 to computer 104 having data transceiver 106. In this examplethe distance 116 between camera 100 and computer 104 is small comparedto distance 118 between camera 100 and television 112. Television 112has within or coupled to it data transceiver 114 which enables camera100 to display images on television 112 without physically connectingthe two. DVD player 108 having transceiver 110 is next to television112, and transmits video and audio from transceiver 110 in DVD player108 to transceiver 114 in television 112. As the DVD player andtelevision are in close proximity in this example, distance 120 is smallcompared to distance 118.

Within each transceiver 102, 106, 110, 114 are circuits which determinedistances between transceivers, and transmit power control circuitryresponsive both to this path distance and to an increase or decreasepower command sent to the transmitting transceiver by the receivingtransceiver. The increase or decrease power decision is made in thereceiving transceiver based on a figure of merit representative of datacommunication quality, such as frame error rate (FER). These circuitsare detailed in FIG. 2.

In a scenario such as one in which DVD player 108 is transmitting amovie to television 112 over a short distance 120 concurrent with camera100 transmitting images to television 112 over a much longer distance118, it is important that the transmit power utilized by transceiver 110is less than the transmit power utilized by transceiver 102, so as tomake approximately equal the signal levels from both the camera and theDVD player at television 112. If the transmit power of DVD player 108were significantly higher than that of camera 100, the higher levelsignal would likely cause interference with the lower level signal,resulting in data errors or failure to establish communication betweencamera 100 and television 112. However, when each transceiver hasknowledge of distance between itself and others, and is able to adjustit's transmit power accordingly, such interference is significantlyreduced.

In FIG. 2, further detail of the transceiver 102 and TPC subsystem ofthe preferred embodiment is shown. Functional elements of FIG. 2 may berealized in hardware, software, or some combination, as will be obviousto those skilled in the art.

Transmitter 200 facilitates modulation of a data signal onto a carrierof appropriate frequency using an appropriate modulation scheme. Theoutput of transmitter 200 is coupled through variable gain 202 to poweramplifier 204, which in turn is coupled to transmit antenna 206. Receiveantenna 208 is coupled to receiver 210, which demodulates and decodesreceived data. Ranging and power control 212 measures the time delayfrom transmission by transmitter 200 to receipt of an acknowledgementfrom a second or more transceiver, and facilitates computation of thedistance (range) between transceiver 102 and this second or moretransceiver. Ranging and power control 212 also facilitates estimationof path loss based on this distance, and couples a control signalresponsive to this path loss to variable gain 202, thereby modifying thetransmitted power to approximate the optimal power for the measureddistance.

Given a first and a second transceiver, wherein T1 is the time oftransmission by the first transceiver of a first data packet, R2 is thetime of receipt by the second transceiver of this first data packet, T2is the time of subsequent transmission of an acknowledging second datapacket by the second transceiver, R1 is the time of receipt by the firsttransceiver of this second data packet, and C is the speed of light inmeters per second, the distance D between the first and secondtransceivers, compensating for known processing delays in thetransceivers, is given by:D=C* [(R2−T1)+(R1−T2)]/2

Ranging and power control 212 is also coupled to data from receiver 210,such that it may receive commands from the second transceiver toincrease or decrease power as needed. The transmitted power fromtransceiver 102 is thus initially at a substantially optimal level basedon measured range between the transceivers, and is then iterativelyrefined if necessary, responsive to power increase or decrease commandsfrom the second or more transceiver.

FIG. 3 graphically shows the known relationship between distance betweentransceivers and path loss. Horizontal axis 302 represents distance inmeters between the two transceivers. Vertical axis 304 represents pathloss. Line segments 306 and 308, taken together, show the functionalrelationship between distance and path loss. This relationship iscontained within ranging and power control 212, typically as analgorithm or a lookup table, and is used by ranging and power control212 to determine approximate path loss between transceivers once rangebetween transceivers is determined. In an embodiment using an algorithmto calculate path loss, different path loss functions or parameters maybe used for different distance ranges. For example, the function mayhave path loss increasing as the square of distance for distance from 0to 4 m, as shown by segment 306, and path loss increasing by the cube ofdistance for distance from 4 to 10 m, as shown by segment 308. Furtherrefinement of the relationship between distance and path loss may bemade if additional information is available, such as whether the path isline-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS). Some transceivers, suchas ultra wideband systems using multi-band OFDM or spread spectrummodulation, are able to determine in a known manner the LOS or NLOSnature of the path they are using. Line segments 306 and 308 represent atypical LOS path loss relationship, while line segment 310 represents atypical NLOS path having higher path loss than the LOS path at a givendistance.

In FIG. 4, a flow chart shows the steps used by a typical knowniterative closed loop transmit power control system.

At step 402, the transmitter in the first data transceiver is set tomaximum power in preparation for its initial communication with a secondor more transceiver an unknown distance away.

At step 404, the initial data transmission from the first transceiver ismade at maximum power. Subsequent data transmissions are made at amodified transmit power level.

At step 406, data from the first transceiver is received at the secondor more transceiver, which computes a figure of merit for data quality,such as frame error rate (FER), and based on this figure of merit,determines whether the received power level needs to be increased ordecreased.

At step 408, an “increase power” or “decrease power” command istransmitted back to the first data transceiver.

At step 410, the first transceiver receives the command to increase ordecrease transmit power level.

At step 412, if the received command was to increase power, in step 414the first transceiver power level is increased by one step, and processflows to start of step 404. If there was no command to increase power,flow continues to step 416.

At step 416, if the received command was to decrease power, in step 418the first transceiver power level is decreased by one step, and processflows to start of step 404. If there was no command to decrease power,flow continues to step 420.

At step 420, TPC is complete, and data communication begins using thecurrent transmit power level.

In FIG. 5, a flow chart describes the steps of the method of thepreferred embodiment, wherein the initial transmit power level is basedon distance between transceivers.

At step 502, the distance between a first MB-OFDM transceiver and asecond transceiver is measured using known techniques such as specifiedin ECMA-368 and described in Texas Instruments patent T37034 on UWBranging for MB-OFDM systems.

At step 504, this measured distance is input to an algorithm todetermine approximate path loss (PL) for the distance. The algorithm mayalso account for path characteristics in addition to distance, such asLOS or NLOS.

At step 506, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) desired at the receiver isestimated, based on the known packet data rate. This SNR, when added tothe noise power N, approximates the minimum received signal level neededto receive data with a given frame error rate in the absence of fadingor other path impairments.

At step 508, an additional margin M is determined, dependent oncharacteristics of the system and the desired level of certainty ofcommunication, where M is the sum of such parameters as fading margin(typically on the order of 3 dB), receiver implementation loss(typically on the order of 2.5 dB), and any other margins (typically onthe order of 3 dB).

At step 510, the initial transmit power level Pmod is determined, where:Pmod=N+SNR+PL+M.

At step 512, this initial transmit power level is rounded to the nearestTPC step.

At step 514, data communication begins at this rounded initial transmitpower level.

In FIG. 6, a flow chart describes the steps of the method of yet anotherembodiment, wherein a nominal transmit power Pnom is modified by acombination of transmit data rate and distance between transceivers.Pnom is that transmit power level which, for a given data rate (forexample, the lowest data rate of a plurality of possible data rates tobe supported) and distance (for example, the shortest distance of arange of distances to be supported), results in reliable datacommunication accounting for desired margins for fading, receiverimplementation loss, receiver SNR requirements, and other margins. Inthis embodiment, since transmit power needs to increase as data rateincreases, and also needs to increase as distance increases, Pnomrepresents the typically lowest transmit power level to be used. Byknowing the actual data rate and distance, a gain value may bedetermined which modifies Pnom such that margins are retained andreliable data communication is enabled.

At step 602, the distance D between a first MB-OFDM transceiver and asecond or more transceiver is measured using known techniques such asspecified in ECMA-368.

At step 604, a test of data rate is made, to determine if thetransmitted data rate is at rate R1, the first of M possible data ratesto be used by the system. If yes, flow proceeds to step 606. If no, flowproceeds to step 608.

At step 606, path loss as a function of distance D and data rate R1 isdetermined using a first lookup table. The resulting path loss PL1 ispassed to step 616.

At step 608, a test of data rate is made, to determine if thetransmitted data rate is at rate R2. If yes, flow proceeds to step 610.If no, flow proceeds to step 612.

At step 610, path loss as a function of distance D and data rate R2 isdetermined using a second lookup table. The resulting path loss PL2 ispassed to step 616.

At step 612, a test of data rate is made, to determine if thetransmitted data rate is at rate RM. If yes, flow proceeds to step 614.If no, flow proceeds to step 602 or alternatively to an error handlingprocess.

At step 614, path loss as a function of distance D and data rate RM isdetermined using the Mth lookup table. The resulting path loss PLM ispassed to step 616.

At step 616, the nominal transmit power level Pnom is increased byPL(m), such that Pmod=Pnom+PL(m), where m is one of 1,2, . . . M.

At step 618, data communication occurs at this modified transmit powerlevel Pmod.

It is apparent to those skilled in the art that additional lookup tablesaccounting for other variables such as LOS/NLOS can be employed, and/orthat lookup tables may be replaced or augmented by appropriatealgorithms for generating the PL(m), without deviating from the spiritof the invention.

Those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciatethat yet other substitutions and modifications can be made to thedescribed embodiments, without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention as described by the claims below.

1. An apparatus for controlling the transmit power of a first data transceiver, comprising: means for determining the distance between said first data transceiver and a second or more such transceiver with which communication is to occur; means for computing an approximate path loss between said first and second or more transceivers, based on the distance between them; and means for modifying the transmit power level of said first transceiver in response to said path loss, so as to cause said transmit power to be close to an optimum level for reliable data communication between said first and second or more data transceivers.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means for determining distance between said data transceivers measures the time delay from transmission of data by said first data transceiver to receipt of an acknowledgement from said second or more data transceiver.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means for determining distance between said data transceivers is based on position derived from the global positioning system (GPS).
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means for computing an approximate path loss between said transceivers is an algorithm relating distance between said transceivers to path loss.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means for computing an approximate path loss between said transceivers is a lookup table relating distance between said transceivers to path loss.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: means for measuring quality of received data at said second or more transceiver, coupled with means for determining whether said quality would be improved by modifying the level of the signal transmitted by said first data transceiver; and means for transmitting back to said first transceiver a command to increase or decrease transmit power level, so as to enable iterative convergence to an optimal transmit power.
 7. A method for controlling the transmit power of a first data transceiver, comprising: determining the distance between said first data transceiver and a second or more such transceiver with which communication is to occur; determining the approximate radio frequency path loss expected given said distance between transceivers; and adjusting the transmit power of said first data transceiver responsive to said path loss so as to transmit at a modified power level substantially as low as possible while still enabling reliable data communication.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising approximating said path loss by use of an algorithm correlating distance to path loss.
 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising approximating said path loss by use of a lookup table correlating distance to path loss.
 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising: transmitting, at said modified power level, a first data packet from said first data transceiver to said second or more data transceiver; receiving said first data packet in said second or more data transceiver; computing in said second or more data transceiver a figure of merit indicative of quality of the data received by said second or more data transceiver; comparing in said second or more data transceiver said figure of merit with desirable limits for said figure of merit; determining in said second or more data transceiver, responsive to said comparing step, whether an increase or decrease in transmit power level from said first data transceiver would improve said figure of merit; transmitting from said second or more data transceiver to said first data transceiver a command to increase or decrease as appropriate the transmit power level of said first data transceiver; modifying in said first data transceiver the transmit power level responsive to said command from said second or more data transceiver; and repeating the above process as needed to optimize the transmit power level of said first data transceiver.
 11. A method for controlling the transmit power of a first Multi Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (MB-OFDM) data transceiver, comprising: determining the distance between a first Multi Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (MB-OFDM) data transceiver and a second or more such transceiver with which communication is to occur; determining the approximate radio frequency path loss PL expected given said distance between said transceivers; determining, by a known relationship between signal to noise ratio (SNR) and data rate, the approximate SNR desired for reliable reception of data at said known data rate; determining additional margin M desired for reliable communication at a desired FER, where M may include but is not limited to the sum of fading margin, implementation loss for the receiver, and other margins; determining the estimated modified transmit power level Pmod, which is that lowest level that allows successful reception and decoding of the data packet in a channel having noise power N, by summing said noise power N, said SNR, said margin M, said path loss PL, and said margin M; rounding said estimated modified transmit power level Pmod to the nearest transmit power control step which results in a received SNR that is above the required SNR to decode the packet; and using this rounded transmit power level as the initial starting power level for the known closed loop TPC process.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the approximate radio frequency path loss expected given said distance between said transceivers uses an algorithm relating said distance and said path loss.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the approximate radio frequency path loss expected given said distance between said transceivers uses a plurality of algorithms relating said distance and said path loss, choosing one of said algorithms based on determination by known methods as to whether line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight path conditions are present.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the approximate radio frequency path loss expected given said distance between said transceivers uses a lookup table relating said distance and said path loss.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the approximate radio frequency path loss expected given said distance between said transceivers uses a plurality of lookup tables relating said distance and said path loss, choosing one of said tables based on determination by known methods as to whether line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight path conditions are present.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said algorithm subdivides the distance between said transceivers into a plurality of ranges, and applies different mathematical functions to each said range.
 17. The method of claim 7, comprising: determining the distance D between a first Multi Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (MB-OFDM) data transceiver and a second or more such transceiver with which communication is to occur; determining the data rate R(M) of the data to be transmitted; utilizing lookup table M from a multiplicity of lookup tables, determining the path loss PL(M) as a function of both distance D and data rate R(M); wherein the lookup table values are chosen to account also for fading margin, receiver implementation loss, other margin, and other factors such as LOS or NLOS conditions; adding PL(M) to a nominal transmit power level Pnom, where Pnom is typically that lowest power level known to facilitate reliable data communication at a nominal data rate, such as but not limited to the lowest data rate, and at a nominal distance, such as but not limited to the shortest distance; and transmitting data using this modified transmit power level Pmod. 